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To its detractors—which include many orthodox Muslim authorities and scholars—it is a compendium of dark magic, sorcery, and shirk (associating partners with God). The famous theologian Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328) saw al-Buni as a deluded devil worshipper, and the historian Ibn Khaldūn (d. 1406) considered his lettrist magic to be forbidden sorcery. For them, the Shams demonstrates the dangers of an obsession with the occult, one that can lead Muslims into the dark world of jinn, magic, curses, and superstition. Numerous Islamic rulings ( fatwa ) have explicitly warned against the book, stating it is impermissible to read it or act upon what is written within it. There is of the entire Shams al-Ma'arif available

: There is no single "original" printed version. The text was compiled and altered over centuries. The famous theologian Ibn Taymiyya (d