Since the 1970s, the “Gulf Boom” has shaped Kerala’s economy and psyche. Cinema has oscillated between romanticizing the Gulf returnee (the Gulfan ) as a savior ( Peruvazhiyambalam , 1979) and critiquing the moral decay of remittance culture ( Pathemari , 2015). Films like Vellam (2021) show how the aspiration to migrate fractures families, while Nayattu (2021) uses the trope of the fleeing state employee to critique how caste and class mobility are contingent on global capital.
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